Broadly speaking, two different categories of SRS cards are used for language learning: comprehension and production.
Comprehension cards prompt you with a chunk of language, and your job is to understand it. You might be shown a word, a phrase, or a whole sentence. The back of the card would have information that allows you to check your understanding.
Production cards prompt you to produce a chunk of language from memory. For example, you might have a picture of a refrigerator on the front of the card, as a cue to prompt you to produce the target language (TL) word for ârefrigeratorâ from memory.
In the Refold method, the role of the SRS is to help you understand more of your immersion, not to help you produce the language yourself. Remember, the ability to speak and write your TL results from acquisition, which comes from comprehending your immersion.
Therefore, all cards that you make when sentence mining will be comprehension cards, not production cards.
Different Card Formats
Card formats are differentiated by what you put on the front of the card. This is the important part because itâs what you are testing yourself on. The back of the cards is much less important. Its purpose is to help increase your understanding of what is on the front.
The front of cards can feature either an audio recording or written text. Never put both the audio and text form of a sentence on the front of a card. You wouldnât be truly testing your listening ability or your reading ability.
The audio or text can be just the target word or a one-target (1T) sentence where the target word is the only thing in the sentence that you donât already know.
This results in four different card formats:
The four card formats have unique pros and cons. Experiment with all four to get a feel for the benefits. You may settle on one or two formats that work best for you, or continue to use all four. You may also find that certain formats are more or less useful depending on what stage of the language learning process youâre at.
Audio Sentence Cards
Audio sentence cards test your listening comprehension of a 1T sentence.
The front of the card consists of an audio recording of the sentence. This audio will typically be taken from a show that you are watching, but can also come from any other source, as long as the sentence is spoken by a native speaker.
The back of the card should have at a minimum:
- The written form of the sentence.
- The definition of the target word.
You can also add other things to the back of the card that will help you understand it better. For example, you might add a screenshot of the scene that you mined the sentence from.
For audio sentence cards, itâs crucial to choose sentences where you can hear the target word clearly. Training your listening comprehension on a clearly spoken sentence will let you understand mumbled ones; the opposite is not true.
If you find a sentence you really like but that is too blurry to use for an audio sentence card, use one of the other formats. You can always put the audio sentence on the back of the card.
Audio sentence cards primarily train listening ability, but because the written form of the sentence is on the back, they help you develop your reading ability as well.
The biggest drawback of this card format is that it creates highly context-dependent memories. The audio recording will have a huge number of clues and artifacts: the intonation, pauses, the pacing of the sentence, the actorâs voice, background noises, and music. Youâll also remember the scene that the audio clip was taken from, and perhaps even the emotional reactions that you had while watching the scene. Your memory of the meaning of the sentence will often be tied to these elements. Youâll be able to easily understand the sentence when reviewing the card, but sometimes you wonât be able to recall the target wordâs meaning when you come across it in your immersion. Occasionally you wonât even recognize it as a word that you have a card for.
Since making audio sentence cards requires capturing audio, and because the requirements for the clarity of the audio are so stringent, it can sometimes be difficult to find suitable sentences for this card format.
When grading yourself, pass the card if you understand the meaning of the sentence when you hear it. Itâs fine to replay it two or three times. If you still donât understand it, fail the card so that you will see it again sooner.
Text Sentence Cards
Text sentence cards test your reading comprehension of a 1T sentence.
The front of the card consists of the written form of a sentence.
The back of the card should have at minimum the definition of the target word.
You can optionally add other elements that help you understand the card to the back of the card such as an audio recording of the target sentence, the audio of the target word, a picture that represents the target word, a screenshot taken from the scene where you encountered the sentence or pronunciation hints.
Donât put pronunciation hints on the front of the card, whether that is IPA or a phonetic transliteration (e.g. romanization, pinyin, furigana, etc).
Text sentence cards are quick to make and very natural to review since the target word is embedded in a context that helps make the meaning of the word clear. Having the target word used in a sentence also helps you internalize the usage of the word.
That said, this context can also be a disadvantage, because sometimes you remember the meaning of the sentence as a whole, and become unable to recognize or understand the target word in other contexts.
In the beginning, when your reading ability is completely undeveloped, reviewing text sentence cards can be quite mentally taxing because you have to read a whole sentence. This can reduce your overall study capacity during a review session.
Text sentence cards donât train listening ability, though reading ability does transfer to listening ability over time through immersion. You can help train listening ability more directly by adding sentence audio to the back of cards. In this case, itâs fine to have blurry or unclear speech, as your brain will already know what it is listening for by the time you hear it.
When grading yourself, pass the card if you understand the meaning of the sentence when you read it. Otherwise, choose âagainâ so that you will see the card again sooner.
Audio Vocabulary Cards
Audio vocabulary cards test your listening comprehension of a single word.
The front of the card consists of an audio recording of the target word spoken by a native speaker.
The back of the card should have at a minimum:
- The written form of the word.
- The word, used in an example sentence, in written form.
- The definition of the word.
The back of the card can also have other elements like an audio recording of the example sentence, a picture representing the word, or a screenshot of the scene that you mined the example sentence from.
The example sentence for an audio vocabulary card doesnât have to be strictly 1T. Since youâre testing your understanding of the word in isolation on the front, there wonât be any memory interference from unknown elements in the sentence on the back.
Audio vocabulary cards primarily train listening ability in a way that is less context-dependent than audio sentence cards. This tends to help you recognize and understand the word more reliably in your immersion. This lack of context is also the card formatâs largest disadvantage: it can make the word harder to learn in the first place. It can also make the card more awkward to review, because the lack of context means that you often end up spending more time performing a search pattern against your memory, trying to attach the word to the correct meaning.
Audio vocabulary cards train reading ability to some extent, but itâs not their main strength.
When grading yourself, pass the card if you understand the meaning of the target word when you hear it. Otherwise, choose âagainâ so that you will see the card again sooner.
Text Vocabulary Cards
Text vocabulary cards test your reading comprehension of a single word.
The front of the card consists of the written form of the target word.
The back of the card should have:
- The written form of an example sentence that uses the word.
- The definition of the word.
The back of the card can also have other elements like an audio recording of the example sentence, an audio recording of the word in isolation, a picture representing the word, or a screenshot of the scene that you mined the example sentence from, or pronunciation hints for the target word or example sentence.
Donât put pronunciation hints on the front of the card, whether that is IPA or a phonetic transliteration (e.g. romanization, pinyin, furigana, etc).
Text vocabulary cards are easy to make, and generally quick to review. However, having the word tested in isolation can make it harder to learn and can make review awkward because the unit of meaning is so small that it can be difficult to attach the word directly to the concept it corresponds to. As a result, it may take more time to review these cards than cards with a sentence on the front, because you spend a lot of time thinking about the word and making connections to the meaning.
Since text vocabulary cards have an example sentence on the back, they still provide enough context to build an understanding of the word and its usage. This sentence doesnât have to be 1T, as it is simply providing additional context after your recall has been tested. Therefore, thereâs no concern about memory interference.
When grading yourself, pass the card if you understand the meaning of the target word when you see it. Otherwise, choose âagainâ so that you will see the card again sooner.
If you have audio on the back of the card, you can also grade yourself on reading the correct pronunciation.
Guidelines
Donât make multiple cards for the same meaning of the same word.
If a word has multiple meanings, then use separate sentence cards for the different meanings, since the word in isolation is not enough to differentiate the meanings.
For each word you learn, choose the card format you think will help you learn it the best. You can transition a card from one format into another at any point in a cardâs life.
Be careful not to put additional clues and context (e.g. images) on the front of cards, as this can lead to creating memories that are reliant on that additional information. This makes it less likely that you will understand the target word when you come across it in your immersion.
Having a picture on the back can help create stronger memories. Itâs especially useful to have a picture for cards where the target word is a noun. In these cases, a picture can be more helpful than a definition.
Automated Sentence Mining
An advanced sentence mining technique is to use software to automatically create flashcards from videos with subtitles. This creates a large âsentence bankâ, which you can then use to select cards to study, either by searching for words that they want to learn and sifting through the resulting sentences or by using software that automatically prioritizes cards to learn based on a frequency list.
Here are some useful tools for automated sentence mining: